en une : Le lexique de français

Fiche de révision

Anglais > sujets expliqués - 16/09/2008 - correction
                
Bonjour , en faite , c’est pas une correction que je vous demande , c’est plus tôt une de fiche de révision , bien sur que j'ai lu pleinde livre sur la méthosogie , et il ya des consigne dessus aux quelle je droit faire une fiche de révision , mais le problème n'est pas là,en effet j’aurai une contrôle (le contrôler dura 20 minutes) anglais vendredi sur le cours et les verbes irrégulier qui sont apparaît dans le texte, je suis sur j’ai pas de niveau 2nd puisque j’ai pas fait l’anglais depuis 5ème , ça pourra être étonnent , mais c’est vraie, j'arrive à comprendre le texte , mais je peux pas le métriser , c'est pour ça que je ne sais pas comment faire une fiche de révision en anglais , et des matière littéraire je suis nulle , mais je fait quand même de mon mieux , alors , je vous demande de me faire une fiche de révision auxquelles s’affiche des essentielles que je droit appendre par coeur , et m’aidez de avoir la moyenne ,( si c’est pas trop demandez ,) le contrôle n’est pas très long , c’est juste j’ai pas envie de raté le première contrôle de l’année.
Voici les texte qu’on a étudier :

THE FIRST RECORDED Olympic chant of the modern era, fittingly, was ""Nike! Nike!,'' which is the Greek word for ""victory.'' The first man to hear it was James Connolly, an American hop-step-and-jumper, who dropped out of Harvard to compete in the 1896 Games. Arriving in Athens the night before the start of the Games (having, according to Olympic historian David Wallechinsky, miscalculated the gap between the American and Greek calendars), Connolly entered the triple jump on the first day and won, easily, with a jump of just under 45 feet. The first-place medal that year was silver, not gold, but it came accompanied by a certificate and an olive branch. Connolly, who went on to become a well-known war correspondent and novelist, apparently never regretted choosing Olympic immortality over a degree from Harvard.
There were only around 300 athletes altogether at that first modern Olympiad -- drawn from a world population of a little more than a billion and a half, or less than half the number expected to watch the opening ceremonies in Atlanta. The competitors represented a total of 13 countries, although most of them were, as it happened, Greek. In photographs, their faces beam with Olympian idealism and spirit, their handlebar mustaches bristle with pride, while their bodies . . . well, it's hard to tell. Most of them posed in woolen suits with neckties and vests, but it's fair to say that in the days before athletes expected to go on to careers as actors or advertising icons, they didn't have to worry much about muscle definition.
They trained as hard as they needed to win, but not many of them could afford to spend their whole lives in the gym; after all, they were all amateurs. The biographies of marathon winners in the first few Olympiads make up a virtual encyclopedia of Industrial Age occupations: deliveryman, foundry worker, railroad brakeman, department-store clerk. The very first marathon winner, in 1896, was a Greek shepherd named Spiridon Louis, who promptly retired from sports and went back to his village. A grateful nation showered him with gifts -- shaves for the rest of his life from an Athenian barber, clothing, a year's worth of restaurant meals. So much for amateurism.

Sue ce texte le prof a donner des Questions , et bien sur , elles étaient corrigés , comme c’est trop long de réécris les réponse , alors j’ai mis que des question ,

Deuxième paragraphe
1 professinal.was the first olympiad representative of the world population?justyfy your answer from the text.

2 using elements from the text, describe the athletes today?

3 "in the days before atheles expected to go on .." what is the journalist's vision of the careers of athletes today?

Troisième paragraphe
were most athletes professionals in 1896?justify with element from the text.

find information about Spirion Louis . ( nationality, social origin , what he did in 1896)
pick out:

it is of origin Greek, its profesion is shepherd, and it is the very first winning of marathon, in 1896
-element showing that he was a true amateur.
-one setence showing that amateurism had limits , even in 1896 ,

How Louis victory put marathon on the map

THE marathon course distance in 1896 was reckoned at 40km/25 miles, as opposed to the 42,195 metres that has become the standard modern marathon. How it was measured we do not know. The road was unpaved and dust was a potential problem. The contestants were taken out to Marathon the day before the race and lodged there overnight, some in the house of one of the members of the Crown Prince’s Council. In 1906, when the same thing happened at the interim Games, the lodging was primitive and the runners got little sleep because of the bedbugs.
There were 17 starters: 13 Greeks, including the young Spyridon (Spyros) Louis, a well-built 24-year-old from Maroussi who had served in the army, Flack, of Australia, Lermusiaux, of France, Kellner, of Hungary, and Blake, of the United States. The foreign runners were well known to the Greek audience in the stadium since Flack had won the 800 metres final and Flack, Blake and Lermusiaux had come first, second and third respectively in the 1,500 metres. Each runner was allowed one helper. Flack was attended by V. W. Delves-Broughton from the British Embassy, who cycled alongside the lofty Australian administering aid. Three military doctors also followed the leading runners in a carriage.
At 2pm, in cool but sunny conditions, Colonel Papadiamantopoulos, the starter, fired his pistol in front of a few hundred spectators and the runners were off. Lermusiaux set a fast pace, leading Flack, Blake and Kellner to Pikermi (20km). At this point, the Greeks, Lavrentis and Kafetzis, dropped out, leaving Vasilakos and Louis still in contact with the leaders. At Harvati, modern Pallini (25km), the runners were strung out in the order Lermusiaux (94 minutes), Flack (95), Blake (98), Vasilakos (101), Louis (101½), Kellner (104), Deliyiannis and Belokas (105).
After proceeding through a triumphal arch built by the villagers in honour of the runners, Lermusiaux cracked, and returned to Athens by horse-drawn carriage. Flack took the lead and Louis overtook Vasilakos and caught Flack at the 34km mark. The two men were in contact as they ran down towards the city, with Kellner in third place ahead of Vasilakos and Belokas.
Near Ambelokipi — then a village in a vineyard, today a quarter of offices and shops — Louis’s sweetheart was waiting for him with slices of orange for refreshment. He took some and lengthened his stride downhill towards the finish. The pace was too much for Flack, who gave up the chase.
Meanwhile, at the stadium, a crowd of about 80,000 was waiting in eager tension, paying little attention to the pole vault competition. There was, of course, no means of real-time communication between the start or the points on the course and the finish in the stadium. A cyclist brought word that Flack was in the lead, to the dismay of the crowd. Later, Papadiamantopoulos arrived on horseback with the news that Louis was leading.
At about 4.58pm, a sunburnt man wearing a white vest with the No 17 and covered in sweat was seen to enter the stadium — “travel-stained, but still running true and strong”. It was Louis. The crowd went wild;. the pole vaulters stopped in the excitement. The Crown Prince and Prince George ran alongside Louis as he completed the straight and breasted the tape. His time was 2hr 58min 50 sec. He was followed in by Vasilakos, 7min 30sec later, the longest gap between first and second in Olympic history.
Louis proceeded to the stadium tunnel and is said to have drunk two cups of coffee. He was congratulated there by Queen Olga. He proceeded to the changing-rooms and was reported to have told the trainer who rubbed him down: “Let me go, I could go on all the way to Piraeus!” Others report that the doctors measured his pulse at 112 to the minute and found that he was neither trembling nor in pain. Instantly he had become a hero and myth began to crystallise about him.
Pierre de Coubertin, who was watching, called this “one of the most extraordinary sights I have ever seen”. It left him convinced that spiritual forces play a greater role in sporting achievement than is generally believed. De Coubertin also saw the beginning of the making of the Louis legend as a woman behind him sent her watch to Louis as a present. Later, De Coubertin contributed to the legend, giving currency to the story that Louis spent the night before the race in fasting and prayer.
The aftermath was not without controversy. Belokas, the Greek teenager, came in third after Vasilakos, his countryman, and before Kellner, of Hungary, who was the only foreigner to complete the course. Kellner lodged a protest, alleging that Belokas had covered part of the course in a horse-drawn carriage.
The marathon race was the main innovation of 1896 within the larger innovation of the Games themselves. It sprang to life and has endured in virtually the form it took in that first year. The 1896 marathon led to an enthusiastic endorsement and diffusion of the race in Northern Europe and the US. John Graham, the manager of the US Olympic team, organised the first Boston marathon in April 1897. The Paris Olympics in 1900 (notable for the bizarre fact that two of the runners were named Fast and Champion, who came in second and third respectively) and the St Louis Olympics of 1904 continued the Olympic practice. The return to Athens in 1906, when the marathon over the same course as in 1896 was won by Billy Sherring, of Canada, in 2hr 51min 23.6sec, confirmed the institution.
The Greeks hold an annual marathon in September over the classic course. It does not have the worldwide renown of the London, New York or Boston marathons, but as the first marathon, over the historic course, it will remain unique.
je vous remercie très sincerment , et bon journée
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